INTRODUCTION

Our mind divides the world into heaven and earth, day and night, light and
darkness, right and left, man and woman, I and you - and the more strongly
we sense the separation between these poles, whatever they may be, the
more powerfully do we also sense their unity.1

Karl Menninger

In recent decades, the subluxation has typically been viewed purely from a biological
perspective. Much time and energy has been spent investigating its physiological effects, and
various clinical models have been developed which examine the components and implications
of the subluxation. Although this type of exploration is valuable, of equal value is the explor-
ation of the subluxation in a much larger context. This thesis explores the idea that the sub-
luxation is a necessary component of the ongoing evolution of human consciousness. The
recurring theme in virtually all discussions of subluxation is that it creates an interference in
the communication pathways between the body and Innate Intelligence. This interference
creates a separation not only between the body and Innate, but also between Educated Mind
and Innate.2 In humans, the power of Educated Mind is that it allows us the ability to reason,
to will, and to remember.3 We remember a feeling of connection before the separation.
Reason that it can be there again, and willingly embark on a path in search of unity. The
separation or polarity created by the subluxation is the source of the force and desire which
drives us ultimately to try to reconnect with Innate. “Polar tension is at the root of all birth
and creation. It is the basis of every creative process. It shows up as rhythmic oscillation
between opposite poles, as close as our beating heart and as far as quasars pulsing at the edge
of the universe.”4

In expanding the perspective of the subluxation beyond the confines of the basic
scientific model to the larger context of the philosophical realm, one can get a glimpse of the
full potential of Chiropractic. Chiropractic becomes not only a vital component of healing,
but also a vital component of the evolution of human consciousness; and hence, the field of
possible exploration and research grows exponentially.

This paper will first briefly describe some of the current scientific and clinical models
of the subluxation. Then the value of expanding the subluxation models to include a
philosophical perspective will be discussed. A philosophical subluxation model is then
proposed in which the subluxation is seen as a necessary component to the evolution of
consciousness. Concepts of polarity and perspective are discussed. Finally, ideas for
possible investigative expansion are presented.

VERTEBRAL SUBLUXATION MODELS: A SECULAR VIEW

In the August 1996 issue of the Journal of Vertebral Subluxation Research,
Christopher Kent D.C., reviewed various basic science and clinical models of the vertebral
subluxation. A brief description of these models is presented here so that the common
aspects can be noted. This will be of benefit later in the development of a philosophically
based model of the subluxation. The Component Models of the Vertebral Subluxation
Complex range in number from five components to nine components and describe the sub-
luxation in terms of its pathophysiological parts, i.e., neuropathology, kinesiopathology,
inflammatory response, biochemical changes, etc. The Subluxation Degeneration Model
views the subluxation in terms of the degenerative changes which occur in the spine in asso-
ciation with mechanisms of neurological dysfunction. In the Nerve Root Compression Model
it is proposed that mechanical compression of the nerve root caused by misalignment of the
vertebral segments can create nerve interference. Although this model has been criticized
over the years, recent research has produced results which support the idea. The
Dysafferentation Model considers the roles of nociception and mechanoreception of the
spinal structures. It suggests that biomechanical dysfunction may cause a change in the
afferent input to the central nervous system which in turn alters the efferent response. Stress
placed on the tissues of the body by neural dysfunction is explored by the Neurodystrophic
Model.5

Clinical models which allow the practitioner a practical application and assessment of
the subluxation have also been developed. The Segmental Model views the subluxation in
terms of segmental misalignments and motion dysfunctions. A more global view of sublux-
ation is considered in the Postural Models in which a subluxation is seen as a postural distor-
tion. The tension on the nerves is considered in the Tonal Models, where the subluxation is
described in terms of a “functional unit.” As the science of biology advances, it is predictable
that more and more models will emerge. The discovery of the tensegrity matrix of the body,6
the growing understanding of the role of the cell membrane and electromagnetic fields in the
function of the body,7 and countless other new discoveries will lead us in our pursuit to
describe and understand the physiological effects of the subluxation.

Is that, however, enough? Does understanding the physiological processes of the
subluxation truly satisfy all of our desire for knowledge about the subluxation? Or does our
soul and our intellect yearn for something more? Does the subluxation itself beckon us to
delve deeper into the meaning of its existence? Do we as Chiropractors experience the same
frustration as physicists, that we will not be satisfied until “the deepest and most fundamental
understanding of the universe has been unveiled”?8

Even if there is only one possible unified theory, it is just a set of rules and equations.
What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to
describe? The usual approach of science of constructing a mathematical model
cannot answer the questions of why there should be a universe for the model to
describe. Why does the universe go to all the bother of existing? Is the unified
theory so compelling that it brings about its own existence. ...Most scientists have
been too occupied with the development of new theories that describe what the
universe is to ask the question why?9

Stephen Hawking

The prevalent models of subluxation brilliantly discuss the “what” but not the “why.”
They describe the mechanism of the subluxation, refer to an interference in nerve function and
have the intention to release that interference through the adjustment. They do not, how-
ever, explore why the subluxation exists. They are essentially secular in their approach. By
secular it is meant that by nature the perspective is quantitative.10 A secular model measures
and describes the physical changes, but does not connect it to the larger picture. And al-
though this approach has great value, it is by no means the last and only step. By not seeking
out the deeper meaning of all things (in this case, the subluxation), the full potential of all
there is to learn is missed. If one is to truly achieve the goal of what Stephen Hawking calls
“knowing the mind of God,”11 it is necessary to expand the area of exploration beyond that of
the quantitative, and one must seek to understand the subluxation from a philosophical
viewpoint.

THE VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY

In creating a Philosophical Subluxation Model one is called to view life from a larger
perspective. Philosophy, defined as “the love of wisdom,”12 is the “investigation of the prin-
ciples that regulate the universe and underlie all knowledge and reality.”13 It is through the
contemplation of life from a philosophical viewpoint that one begins to see the patterns which
exist in our universe, and it is through these patterns revealing clues that will lead to a deeper
understanding of all that exists can be found.14 It is proposed that through the philosophical
study of subluxation the door will open to the full understanding and realization of the power
of the Chiropractic adjustment.

For those skeptical of the value of philosophical contemplation, consider Plato.
Plato wrote, in answer to questions about the value of studying philosophical geometry:

You amuse me, you who seem worried that I impose impractical studies
upon you. It does not only reside with mediocre minds, but all men have
difficulty in persuading themselves that it is through these studies, as
if with instructions, that one purifies the eye of the soul, and that one
causes a new fire to burn in this organ which was obscured as though
extinguished by the shadows of the other sciences, an organ whose
conservation is more important than ten thousand eyes, since it is by it
alone that we contemplate the truth.15

It is by the contemplation of the philosophical subluxation that the truth of Chiro-
practic will be discovered. The evolution of science is, by and large, because of the interplay
between those who experiment and quantify and those who theorize and philosophize.16 The
philosophers and theorists devise the grand scheme. They predict the existence of sub-atomic
particles and vibrating strings, of phenomena occurring beyond the edge of our galaxy. They
probe the universe with questions of why and then retrieve answers seemingly from the
cosmos, creating stories and theories of why and how the world works. Then the
experimenters do the testing. They seek to prove the theory, right or wrong. Einstein’s
revolutionary idea of gravity, which overthrew the Newtonian view, was just a theory. There
were certain aspects of his theory of special relativity that conflicted with Newton’s explana-
tion of gravity. So Einstein asked the question “why.” Through the search for the “why,”
Einstein formulated the theory of General Relativity. This theory states that the mechanism
by which gravity is transmitted is a warping in the spatial fabric of the universe. General
Relativity was just a theory, an answer to Einstein’s “why.” It was over seven years later,
when Sir Arthur Eddington, through experimentation, proved Einstein to be right and General
Relativity was accepted.17

It is through the dance of the philosophy of Chiropractic with the science of
Chiropractic that the art of Chiropractic will refine and the field of Chiropractic evolve.

SUBLUXATION MODEL: A PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW

The common theme which is present in all of the subluxation models covered in the
first section of this paper, is the component of neurological involvement or nerve interference.
In fact, by definition, nerve interference must be present in order for the term subluxation to
be properly used. Since, “the forces of Innate Intelligence operate through or over the
nervous system,”18 it can be reasoned that the nerve interference creates an interference in
the communication between Innate and the body. This interference in the communication
can be likened to an experience of separation from Innate.

In considering various definitions of subluxation, the same idea of a separation from
Innate is seen. In the more traditional terms of Stephenson’s Chiropractic Text Book, the
separation is expressed as interference of the transmission of mental impulses.

A subluxation is the condition of a vertebra that has lost its proper juxtaposition
with the one above or the one below, or both; to an extent less than a luxation;
which impinges nerves and interferes with the transmission of mental impulses.19

In some of the more contemporary literature, the word separation is used directly.

A subluxation means a separation from wholeness that interferes with the
body’s ability to function in a whole way.20

And even in more esoteric terms, this same idea of separation, i.e. a separation from
light, is suggested.

sub: less than; lux: light; i.e. a condition of less than the usual amount of
light in the body21

This separation is typically associated with the dis-ease which it creates in the body. Because
of the dis-ease associated with it, the subluxation has been viewed as something “bad.” It has
been seen as an entity which should be battled and eliminated from all existence. However, in
seeing only the dis-ease it creates, we miss the deeper value and purpose of the subluxation.
By perceiving subluxation only with “secular” eyes we miss the gift presented by the creation
of the subluxation, that gift being the separation itself.

Separation allows distance. And from distance, two qualities emerge, polarity and
perspective. These qualities are ultimately what allows the experience of the subluxation to
bear its fruit. The subluxation, in creating separation between Innate and the full experience
of Innate, offers the individual distance. With distance, one experiences that from which one
is separated and is “rewarded” with a new persepctive, often “seeing” it for the first time. A
pull is also felt to reconnect with that part of oneself which now feels absent. The dis-ease
experienced with the subluxation may be felt as a pain, an illness, a chemical dependency or
just a vague sense that something is not quite right. It truly doesn’t matter how it expresses,
just that the dis-ease is expressed, because it is the dis-ease that calls one’s attention to the
separation. When the forces of Innate were flowing freely through the body, no note was
made of it. Innate was there, requiring no conscious thought and no attention. When, how-
ever, one is separated from Innate by the subluxation, one feels the dis-ease that is the natural
and uncomfortable by-product of that separation. The dis-ease draws attention to the
distance that now seemingly exists between the body and Innate. Even though Innate did not
leave, the distance is experienced because transmission of Innate has been altered. And so
one experiences polarity and perspective, the qualities of separation which will ultimately
allow not only the reconnection with Innate, but the gaining of awareness of Innate as well.
In the next sub-sections, polarity and perspective are explored in more detail.

Polarity

Polarity is the driving force in all of nature and all living things. It is responsible for
the reaction of chemicals, the movement of planets, the changes in the weather, and the
creation of life. All personal relationships have at their core the tension between opposite
poles. The essence of all movement, growth and evolution is the constant swing between
active and passive, attraction and repulsion, contraction and expansion, matter and energy,
health and disease, love and hate, male and female, judgement and mercy. The list goes on.
The paradox of the polarity or dyad is that in creating the separation from Unity, it also
creates a desire to return to Unity. In feeling the separation and division one yearns for
the feeling of wholeness lost and remembering the source moves toward wholeness again.22

The opposite poles of the Dyad retain their memory of the One. At every
chance they seek to merge and become whole again. Like a lover, lightening
leaps a gap to meet and dissolve with its opposite charge where they can
both return to a state of unity and peace.23

Michael S. Schneider

The subluxation creates a separation of the body and of Educated Mind from Innate.24
Educated Mind by its very nature is conscious, and has the ability to remember, to understand
and to think.25 It is conscious, on some level, of the separation that has occurred and will
desire reconnection. The human mind is unique in this way. It possesses not only a primary
consciousness, but also a higher-order consciousness. Primary consciousness is essentially a
perceptual awareness. All animals possess this type of consciousness. They are self-aware in
that they sense their body in space and can respond to environmental demands. They also
possess the perceptual ability to construct and create scenes and give these scenes meaning.
Higher-order consciousness is, however, unique to humans. The idea of self-awareness takes
on a new dimension in that one has a conceptual notion of one’s self. Humans have the ability
to remember and see their life as a whole, to imagine other possibilties and perspectives, to
contemplate their mortality, to think theoretically. They are not only aware of themselves in
the world, but are aware of being aware.26 This awareness offers an opportunity to further
evolve our state of consciousness. One’s life can be seen in retrospect. A larger perspective
of life is viewed in relation to people, to nature, to the world, to the universe. One
recognizes patterns and order, and senses that there is an organizing force which is much
greater than the individual. In recognizing this force, it can be sensed internally. And it
can be sensed when that feeling of connection and wholeness is not there. In the formation of
the subluxation, a separation is felt.

Educated Mind then begins to ask the question “Why”? Why is there a feeling of
dis-ease? What is the cause of it? Is something present now that wasn’t before? Or is some
thing missing now that before was present? Because these questions arise, one cannot help
but embark on a path toward answering them, a journey to understanding. The polarity
between the ease that was once felt and the present feeling of dis-ease is the inspiration along
the path of inquiry. This path leads us closer to the source of ease, to the feeling of connec-
tion. The polar tension constantly moves the individual forward. In the movement toward
connection, one gains a deeper awareness of that which was lost and is being sought again.

Perspective

Awareness is gained through the second aspect of separation, perspective. Perspec-
tive allows distance from oneself. Without this distance the “self” cannot be viewed. The
forest cannot be seen because of the trees.

Innate is the vital life force in the body. It permeates and is a part of every cell.27
When the forces of Innate are flowing freely, the relative experience is that of uniformity.
The cycles of the body may be noticed, the temperature fluctuates, the body excretes,
the heart beats, the eyes blink; but it is all part of the natural cycle and over time will go
unnoticed.

The sun rises everyday. That fact is accepted. It is so much a part of daily life that
little thought is given as to why or how. However, if one day the sun did not rise, having
been “separated” from that experience, the sun’s existence would be contemplated. How it
works, why it works, the vital role the sun plays in the sustenance of life on earth would be
investigated. So it is with Innate.

Innate is so omnipresent that the details of its workings and existence are generally
taken for granted. The cycles of the body’s internal environment flow with ease and therefore
are not recognized. Life is uniform with no great changes. Even if the body is challenged by
the forces of the universe, Innate adapts so effortlessly that the process goes relatively
unnoticed.

According to Prirogine, in this type of uniform environment there would be no
experience of movement or change and so no perception of space. And with no experience
of movement in space, there would be no perception of time. There would only be uniformity.
Life depends on the expansive contractive flow between uniformity and chaos, between unity
and separation. It is what mathematicians call broken symmetries.28

The subluxation creates broken symmetries. That break in symmetry marks a
place in space and time; a place where we no longer feel connected. The uniform flow of the
body is interruped and perhaps ceases. Dis-ease is felt and the reason for the dis-ease is
sought. Educated Mind remembers when the connection was there. It sees it from a
distance, and remembering the feeling, the flow, the life, Educated Mind seeks to understand.
The dis-ease and ease, the connection and separation, the cycles which were once present,
but are now absent, are all considered in great detail. Educated Mind seeks to understand
and know, and at this point one becomes object and observer.

The One looking at itself, and in so doing, becoming subject and object.....
the distance between subject and object is Knowledge29

Jill Purce

Educated mind gains knowledge of Innate through separation. The subluxation gives
Educated Mind perspective, removing it from the ocean of Spirit or Innate30 so that Spirit can
be “seen.” Through seeing comes knowing. Educated, now experiencing a separation from
Innate, will contemplate the existence of Innate and in so doing will gain greater and greater
awareness and knowledge of Innate.

Evolution

It has been shown that through the qualities of polarity and perspective the subluxation
can be used as a tool for gaining awareness of Innate. The necessary component in this
process is the adjustment. The adjustment initiates the process of the release of nerve
interference, thus freeing Innate’s expression. As the Innate forces flow freely, the feeling of
ease and connection returns. Without the adjustment, the subluxation is allowed to persist
in its separation of self and Innate, and therefore, greater and greater dis-ease results. As
more and more subluxations are created in the body, the gap of the separation widens. It
eventually reaches a point where the gap is so wide, it seems almost impossible to traverse;
so that instead of unifying, the subluxation serves to separate further. This separation leads
to suffering, a feeling of disconnection with all of life. With this the individual experiences
and expresses judgement, individuation, and loneliness. The connection is forgotten and
so movement toward wholeness ceases or diminishes.31 All that is required to begin motion
again is the adjustment. With the adjustment, Innate is once again allowed to express freely
and movement toward wholeness results.

With each contraction or separation created by the subluxation, and each expansion or
reconnection created by the adjustment, our Educated Mind gains greater and greater
awaresss of Innate and of itself. As one travels this path of expansion/contraction, one not
only regains the experience of Spirit/Innate, but also gains an awareness or knowledge of
Innate. This awareness exemplifies the evolution of consciousness. An individual’s life begins
connected to Spirit and then through life’s experiences, self-identification is begun through
separation. Life is then a series of expansions to wholeness and contractions to self. Back
and forth each time, the individual gains more knowledge until ultimately one acquires full
awareness of all that is and the cycle is completed by reconnecting with Spirit.32

There are many models of the evolution of consciousness. Each one describes various
stages called by different names. Consistent in all, however, is the idea of deepening aware-
ness. As consciousness evolves to what is considered its highest stage, the awareness of the
self and its relation to Unity expands until ultimately there is no separation. There is full
awareness of all aspects of life. In Duane Elgin’s book entitled Awakening Earth, this
highest stage of awareness is referred to as “integral awareness.” In this stage of conscious-
ness, “the divine unity is expressed through diversity, individuals are harmonized with their
universal Ground, and personal will is joined with the cosmic action.”33

The subluxation and the Chiropractic adjustment are integral parts of the evolution of
individual consciousness. Through the process of the creation of subluxation and then
the release, Educated Mind is afforded the opportunity to gain awareness of Innate. This
creates greater self-awareness in the individual.

The process of evolution is not, however, limited only to the individual’s embarking on
the path. Each individual engaged in the process has an impact on and affects the evolution of
human consciousness as a whole. This happens on the obvious scale, i.e. if enough individ-
uals have a shift in consicousness and change their thought patterns and actions, then the
world will change.34 This shift has been seen throughout history. The reality of everyday
existence has shifted and changed from one culture to the next and from one time period to
the next, dictated by individual consciousness united.34 The gladiator events, in which
people were brutally killed for sport, now in our present state of consciousness, seem bar-
baric. Treating children and wives as property in some countries of the world seems archaic,
but in others is a way of life. Giving drugs and performing surgery, to some, is the only way
to work with a body which is expressing dis-ease, while to others it is the last resort. If the
consciousness of enough individuals shifts, the consciousness of the world shifts. If enough
individuals become aware of the power and presence of Innate Intelligence, imagine how the
world view might change. In the deepening awareness and knowledge of Innate, comes a
realization of the power of the body to heal, an experience of the connection of all things,
and a change that would affect every aspect of life from health care to ecology and from
politics to personal relationships.

This same “group effect” also happens on a more subtle scale. Conscousness is
thought to permeate the entire universe. It is present in various degrees in all matter. At the
level of consciousness there is no separation between the physical and mental, and no separa-
tion between individuals.

Consciousness contains the whole of objective reality - the entire history of
biological life on the planet, the world’s religions and mythologies, and the
dynamics of both blood cells and stars.35

Michael Talbot

Consciousness is a universal phenomenon. In their book The Living Energy
Universe, Drs. Gary Schwartz and Linda Russek, present the idea of a universal living
memory or systemic memory. Their hypothesis suggests that the information and energy of
consciousness not only persists after the death of the individual, but also continues to evolve.36
D. D. Palmer writes of a similar idea. He states, “Innate will retain throughout eternity all the
information obtained by Educated.”37 Both ideas suggest that the expansion of awareness
gained during one’s life persists through eternity, and continues to evolve as part of universal
consciousness. In this way, the evolution of consciousness becomes a part of the evolution
of group consciousness. Thus, it can be seen in this Philosophical Subluxation Model that
the subluxation is a necessary component to the evolution of human consciousness. The
subluxation creates an experience of separation from Innate. It is then through the separation,
that Educated is given the polarity and perspective necessary to gain awareness of Innate.

To think of Chiropractic in these terms seems almost beyond conception, but it is
through this philosophical contemplation that new ideas emerge. Throughout the history of
science, theoretical and philosophical ideas have sparked intense scientific investigation. By
delving into the field of Chiropractic possibilities, new areas of investigation may be inspired.
Not only the physiological effects of subluxations could be investigated, but also the societal
and global effects. The field of Chiropractic could be linked to the fields of psychology,
anthropology and physics. Cooperative studies could be done which measure human
potential, consciousness and energy dynamics in relation to Chiropractic. The possibilities are
endless. All that is required is that we open our eyes.

The fairest thing we can experience is the mysteroius. It is the fundamental
emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science.....enough for
me the mystery of the eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvelous
structure of reality, together with the single-hearted endeavor to comprehend.38

Albert Einstein

SUMMARY

The concept of an interference of the nervous system is present in all of the current
models and definitions of subluxation. This interference impedes the expression of Innate
Intelligence and in philosophical terms can be likened to a separation of the self from Spirit.
This separation from Spirit has long been considered to be the force which drives one back to
Unity. The polarity created by the separation is the force which moves all things back toward
wholeness. This separation also creates perspective. With perspective, Educated Mind,
which has the ability to reason and remember, is able to observe Innate from a distance. This
affords Educated the opportunity to gain awareness of Innate while on the path back to
wholeness. This deepening of awareness is the process the individual must engage in to
evolve consciousness. Considered from this point of view, the subluxation becomes some-
thing more than the creator of dis-ease. It is a vital component of the evolution of
consciousness. The subluxation creates the polarity and perspective required to gain an
awareness and knowledge of Innate. As an individual’s awareness deepens, consciousness
evolves, not only that of the individual, but also that of humankind.

Philosophical discussion has been the spark which has lit the fires of experimentation
and debate for centuries. Exploration as to the philosophical meaning and implications of
concepts like the subluxation are necessary for the continued evolution of Chiropractic.

REFERENCES

1. Michael S. Schneider, A Beginner’s Guide to Constructing the Universe: The
Mathematical Archetypes of Nature, Art and Science, (Oregon, Harper Perennial), 21

2. D. D. Palmer, The Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic, (Oregon,
Portland Printing House), 494

3. R. W. Stephenson, Chiropractic Text Book, (Iowa, Palmer School of
Chiropractic), 23

4. Michael S. Schneider, A Beginner’s Guide to Constructing the Universe: The
Mathematical Archetypes of Nature, Art and Science, (Oregon, Harper Perennial), 24-25

5. Christopher Kent, D.C., Models of Vertebral Subluxation:A Review, (Journal of Vertebral Subluxation Research), Vol.1, No.1, 11-17

6. Donald E. Ingber, The Architecture of Life, (Scientific American),
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7. B. H. Lipton, The Evolving Science of Chiropractic Philosophy, (Today’s
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8. Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe, (New York, W.W. Norton & Company), 117

9. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York, Bantam Books), 190

10. Michael S. Schneider, A Beginner’s Guide to Constructing the Universe: The
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11. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (New York, Bantam Books), 191

12. Webster’s New World Dictionary, (Cleveland and NewYork, The World
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13. Webster’s New World Dictionary, (Cleveland and NewYork, The World
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14. Michael S. Schneider, A Beginner’s Guide to Constructing the Universe: The
Mathematical Archetypes of Nature, Art and Science, (Oregon, Harper Perennial), xx

15. Republic, as quoted by Theon of Smyrna, The Mathematics Useful for
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Wizards Bookshelf, 1979, VII, 527d,e

16. Leon Lederman, The God Particle, (New York, Dell Publishing), 13-16

17. Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe, (New York, W.W. Norton &
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18. R.W. Stephenson, Chiropractic Text Book, (Iowa, Palmer School of
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19. R.W. Stephenson, Chiropractic Text Book, (Iowa, Palmer School of
Chiropractic), 2

20. Holder, J., D.C., The End to Addictions: A Startling New Tx for Reversing all Addictions, (Alternative Medicine Digest), Issue 7, 14-19

21. Arno Burnier, Masterpiece Training Camp, Chiropractic Philosophy Lecture, June 1999

22. Michael S. Schneider, A Beginner’s Guide to Constructing the Universe: The
Mathematical Archetypes of Nature, Art and Science, (Oregon, Harper Perennial), 24-25

23. Michael S. Schneider, A Beginner’s Guide to Constructing the Universe: The
Mathematical Archetypes of Nature, Art and Science, (Oregon, Harper Perennial), 36

24. D. D. Palmer, The Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic, (Oregon,
Portland Printing House), 494

25. D. D. Palmer, The Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic, (Oregon,
Portland Printing House), 56

26. Christian Wertenbaker, The Nature of Consciousness, (Parabola), Fall 1997, 20-30

27. D. D. Palmer, The Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic, (Oregon,
Portland Printing House), 491-502

28. Gregoire Nicolis & Ilya Prirogine, Exploring Complexity: An Introduction, (New
York, W. H. Freeman & Co.), 1989, 9-10

29. Jill Purce, The Mystic Spiral, (New York, Thames & Hudson), 11

30. D. Palmer, The Science, Art 30. D. D. Palmer, The Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic, (Oregon,
Portland Printing House), 19, 91, 170

31. Stephen Wolinsky, The Tao of Chaos, (Connecticut, Bramble Books), 29-33

32. Jill Purce, The Mystic Spiral, (New York, Thames & Hudson), 7-20

33. Duane Elgin, Awakening Earth, (New York, Wm. Morrow & Co., Inc.)
1993, 1st ed, 324

34. Marilyn Schlitz, PhD., On Consciousness, Causation, and Evolution, (Alternative Therapies), July 1998, Vol. 4 No. 4, 82-90

35. Michael Talbot, The Holographic Universe, (New York, Harper Perennial),
50-51, 81

36. Gary Schwartz and Linda Russek, The Living Energy Universe, (Virginia,
Hampton Roads), 3-13

37. D. D. Palmer, The Science, Art and Philosophy of Chiropractic, (Oregon,
Portland Printing House), 19, 91, 170

38. Albert Einstein, The World As I See It, (New Jersey, Citadel Press, Carol
Publishing Group), 5